Approaches to motivation are underpinned by motivation theory. The most influential theories are classified as follows:
● Instrumentality theory, which states that rewards or punishments (carrots or sticks) serve as the means of ensuring that people behave or act in desired ways.
● Content theory, which focuses on the content of motivation. It states that motivation is essentially about taking action to satisfy needs, and identifies the main needs that influence behaviour. Needs theory was originated by Maslow (1954), and in their two-factor model, Herzberg et al (1957) listed needs which they termed ‘satisfiers’.
● Process theory, which focuses on the psychological processes which affect motivation, by reference to expectations (Vroom, 1964), goals (Latham and Locke, 1979) and perceptions of equity (Adams, 1965).
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